ABSTRACT
With the worldwide growing interest and commercial value of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industries and products, the protection issue of TCM knowledge is increasingly concerned by Chinese government. Here, we investigated the current situation and trend of TCM development and knowledge protection in China through accessing academic research tools including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, VIP China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) and Google Scholar, analyzing the latest data released by National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and China Statistical Yearbook. Our results demonstrate that current administration in China is continuing to support TCM development by increasing investment and expanding the scale in TCM research and administration. The increasing attention of Chinese scholars and government has led to laws and regulations issued more densely to strengthen TCM knowledge protection and promote fair use and fast development.
ABSTRACT
Herbal medicine and Chinese materia medica (CMM), Kampo, traditional medicine in Australia, and other traditional medicines have been an important part of the world medicine, and the patent protection strategies of herbal medicine and Kampo at the international level have been already quite mature. However, China have less experience in patent protection strategies of CMM, and apparently fall behind the herbal medicine patent protection strategies of European countries, especially Germany. In this paper, based on the perspective of research and development, the patent application and protection strategies of Tebonin® from Germany are analyzed in depth. Considering patent conservation status of CMM, some workable references for the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises of CMM in the field of research and development of new drugs are provided.
ABSTRACT
Esta investigación reconstruye las estrategias de protección en contextos urbanos desde fragmentos de la historia de vida de dos mujeres víctimas de la violencia social y política, para ello se usó la metodologia feminista en psicologia comunitaria, la cual reconoce en el discurso femenino, la experiencia de vida como fuente de saberes legitimos. (Campbell & Wasco, 2000). Los resultados evidencian que las mujeres utilizan estrategias de protección basadas en los saberes construidos en su experiencia de vida, su sitio de origen y las relaciones de poder. Pone de manifiesto la relevancia de investigar sobre la violencia urbana.
This piece of research reconstructs the protection strategies in urban contexts from fragments of life histories from two women, victims of the social and political violence. For such a purpose, a feminist methodology in community psychology was used, which recognizes, in the feminist discourse, the life experience as a source of legitimate knowledge (Campbell & Wasco, 2000). The results make evident that women use protection strategies based on the knowledge built in their life experience, their place of origin, and the powerrelationships. It reveals the relevance of researching on urban violence.
Subject(s)
Humans , Domestic Violence , Gender Identity , Sex Offenses , Violence Against Women , Colombia , Security MeasuresABSTRACT
Esta investigación corresponde a un estudio exploratorio con diseño intersujeto e intrasujeto que privilegia el método microgenético que se acerca a describir cómo la habilidad cognitiva de planificación en niños y niñas de 5 años de edad en nivel preescolar, en una situación de resolución de problemas en ambiente virtual que involucra seis estrategias de autoprotección, permite desarrollar un conocimiento que se convierte en factor autoprotector en la prevención del abuso sexual infantil. Los resultados indican una adquisición importante de las estrategias de autoprotección y la convergencia en la fase resolutoria de la habilidad de planificación, siendo esta la que establece que los niños y niñas que participaron en la investigación planifican y usan este proceso cognitivo para generar estrategias de autoprotección frente al abuso sexual infantil.
This paper corresponds to an exploratory study made with intersubject and intrasubject design that privileged the microgenetic method in order to describe how the cognitive planning ability of five-year-old, preschool level children of both genders, within a virtual environment that involves six self-protection strategies, allows them to develop a knowledge that becomes a self-protection factor when facing problemsolving situations and helps in the prevention of child sexual abuse. &e results show an important acquisition of self-protection strategies and a convergence in the resolving phase of the planning ability. &is allows us to infer that the children participating in this investigation plan and use this cognitiveprocess to generate self-protection strategies against child sexual abuse.